Topology Used for PI Model Output

The topology of the lumped element model generated by em depends on the circuit being analyzed. In general, the model contains an inductor (in series with a resistor if using loss), a capacitor and a resistor (when using loss) connected in parallel from each port to ground. A similar parallel RLC network is also connected between each port. Therefore, a four-port circuit can contain more elements than a two-port circuit. Each inductor may also have a mutual inductance to any other inductor in the network. The figure below shows the most complex equivalent circuit possible for a two-port (mutual inductances not shown). Any values that are outside of the open circuit limits are not included.